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Dabrafenib Produces Rapid Shrinkage of Recurrent, BRAF-mutant Papillary Craniopharyngioma

Nearly all papillary cranionpharyngiomas have BRAF mutations
18 Nov 2015
Targeted Therapy;  Cytotoxic Therapy
Endocrine Tumours

A team led by Massachusetts General Hospital investigators has reported the first successful use of a targeted therapy, dabrafenib to treat a patient with a debilitating, recurrent papillary cranionpharyngioma. In a paper published online in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, the researchers report that treatment with the BRAF inhibitor dabrafinib led to shrinkage of a BRAF-mutant craniopharyngioma that had recurred even after four surgical procedures. More than a year after dabrafinib treatment, which was followed by surgery and radiation therapy, the patient's tumour has not recurred.

"This is the first time that a systemic therapy has shown efficacy against this type of tumor," says Dr Priscilla Brastianos of the Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, co-lead author of the JNCI report. "This has the potential of completely changing the management of papillary craniopharyngiomas, which can cause lifelong problems for patients - including visual defects, impaired intellectual function, and pituitary and other hormonal dysfunction."

Craniopharyngiomas are pituitary tumours that, while technically benign, can cause serious problems because of their location near critical structures, such as optic and other cranial nerves and the hypothalamus. Not only does the growing tumour compromise neurological and hormonal functions by impinging on these structures, but treatment by surgical removal or radiation therapy can produce the same symptoms by damaging adjacent tissues. In addition, since the tumour can adhere to nearby brain and vascular structures, complete removal is difficult, leading to often rapid recurrence.

The patient described in the JNCI paper came to the Massachusetts General Hospital Emergency Department with confusion, impaired vision, severe headaches and vomiting seven months after he had been surgically treated for an intracranial tumour in another country. A CT scan revealed a 4 cm cystic tumour that was pressing against midbrain structures and blocking drainage of cerebrospinal fluid. While his symptoms improved after surgical removal of part of the tumour, they did not disappear; and six weeks later he returned to the Massachusetts General Hospital, this time in a nearly comatose condition.

Massachusetts General Hospital neurosurgeons again removed the tumour, which was confirmed to be a BRAF-mutant craniopharyngioma. But two weeks later, before planned radiation therapy could be carried out, his condition again deteriorated into a minimally responsive state, leading to a fourth emergency surgery.

Seven weeks later he was back at the hospital with progressive vision loss, and an MRI showed that the tumour had once again recurred. Since the growth of this tumour was likely driven by the BRAF mutation, which is known to drive the growth of melanomas and other malignant tumours, the team decided to try treatment with dabrafinib, which is FDA approved for the treatment of BRAF-mutant melanomas.

After only four days of treatment, the patient's tumour was around 25% smaller; and by day 17 the tumour was half the pretreatment size, and the surrounding cyst was 70% smaller. On day 21, the treatment team added the MEK inhibitor trametinib, which is known to enhance the effects of BRAF inhibition, to the protocol; and by day 35 both the tumour and the cyst had lost more than 80% of their pretreatment size. Endoscopic surgery to remove accessible tumour was performed on day 38, and drug treatment was stopped a week later, soon followed by radiation treatment. At the time the paper was written, the patient had remained symptom-free for seven months and continues to do so more than a year after his last treatment.

Mutations that commonly mediate resistance to MAPK pathway inhibition were not detected in a post-treatment sample by whole exome sequencing.

In addition to finding evidence of the antitumour effects of dabrafinib in the removed tumour tissues, the investigators were surprised that a blood-based BRAF V600E assay detected circulating BRAF V600E in the patient's blood samples taken at several times during the course of the patient's treatment.

"That result was absolutely novel," says Dr William Curry, Jr. of Massachusetts General Hospital Neurosurgery, a co-senior author of the JNCI paper. "Finding evidence of the BRAF mutation in the blood raises the hope of potentially diagnosing this mutation and perhaps shrinking these tumors with targeted therapy before surgery, which could make surgical removal safer and possible unnecessary for some patients." He also notes that, since craniopharyngiomas are less molecularly complex than malignant tumours, they may be less likely to develop resistance to BRAF inhibition, a problem that has plagued targeted therapy for several types of cancer.

Dr Sandro Santagata of Brigham and Women's Hospital's Pathology Department, a co-senior author of the JNCI paper, adds "It is quite remarkable how quickly we have been able to go from identifying the genetic driver of papillary craniopharyngiomas to testing the idea in a patient that needed help. It was only last year that, along with Dr. Brastianos and colleagues, we first described in Nature Genetics that nearly all papillary cranionpharyngiomas have mutations in BRAF. This is the same mutation that is found in many melanomas, allowing us to use treatment strategies that have been so promising in melanoma patients."

To further investigate the impact of this treatment in a larger group of patients, Brastianos is conducting the US National Cancer Institute-sponsored, multicenter trial of BRAF and MEK inhibitor treatment for papillary craniopharyngiomas.

The study was supported by the US National Institutes of Health grant and grants from the Brain Science Foundation, Susan G. Komen for the Cure, Terri Brodeur Breast Cancer Foundation, Conquer Cancer Foundation, and the American Brain Tumor Association.

Reference

Brastianos PK, Shanker GM, Gill CM, et al. Dramatic Response of BRAF V600E Mutant Papillary Craniopharyngioma to Targeted Therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 2015 Oct 23;108(2). pii: djv310. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djv310. Print 2016 Feb.

Last update: 18 Nov 2015

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